Possible... sure. But extremely unlikely. When fragments make it into a cylinder, the force of that piston slamming those shards into the head will essentially turn them into a part of the piston. Ever tried to dig a shard out of a piston? I have. Easier to break the piston away from it than dislodge it.
I'd much more buy that Cummins may have decided just to swap the engine and turbo as a unit.
I would still say likely and possible. I built Engines for a living for 7 years of my life and had seen plenty of WTF's over those years.
I quit building Engines for a living a long time ago but the industry has always remained my passion and hobby to this day.
From Alcohol Injected Sprint Car Motors to Harley V-Twins to grannies VW Motor, I had done a lot in those 7 years.
Look at all the areas circled Red in the picture below. Grid Heater bolt and shards of whatever made it into the Cylinder. You can see at least 6 indentations from the Bolt alone and not all the Piston is showing. We see at least two shards of something but nothing resembling the Bolt.
Valve lift for the Exhaust Valve is .4186 so any pieces smaller than this can find it's way out the exhaust and into the Turbo.
In this Picture we see some shards embedded but who's to say in the Engine that I had mentioned that those shards did not embed and instead made it to the Turbo.
The area starting with the green circle and working towards the yellow and again towards the center is quite Deep and could hold the bolt in that area and see little damage. Some damage has occurred in the deep area as seen by the marks that are circled red but it is nothing compared to the rest of the Piston which has a much tighter piston to head clearance.
In all, no one has to take my word for it, I am again only passing along what I was told and I was only trying to be informative and helpful.